Top 10 Small Modular Reactor Companies Advancing Next-Generation Nuclear Energy in 2026

1. Introduction

Overview of the Global Small Modular Reactor Industry

The Top Companies in the Small Modular Reactor Industry are moving nuclear technology from design certification and demonstration toward first-of-a-kind construction, factory manufacturing and multi-unit deployment. The International Atomic Energy Agency defines an SMR as a reactor with electrical output of up to 300 MWe per module and tracks more than 80 designs at different stages of development and deployment across 18 Member States. Operational precedents already exist: Russia's Akademik Lomonosov floating nuclear power plant has operated commercially since May 2020 with 2 KLT-40S reactor modules, while China's high-temperature gas-cooled HTR-PM connected to the grid in December 2021. The broader global nuclear fleet contained more than 400 operating power reactors in 2026, giving SMR developers access to an established ecosystem of nuclear regulators, fuel suppliers, engineering companies and operators.

Commercial maturity nevertheless varies sharply among individual technologies. Canada's first 300 MWe BWRX-300 at Darlington formally entered nuclear construction on April 22, 2026, while China's 100 MWe net ACP100 remained under construction in July 2026 after first concrete was poured in 2021. The United States has approved NuScale's 77 MWe-per-module US460 standard design and is reviewing construction applications involving X-energy's 80 MWe Xe-100 technology. Other developers are advancing molten-salt, fluoride-salt-cooled, high-temperature gas-cooled and integral pressurized-water configurations. End uses are also expanding beyond grid electricity into industrial steam, district heating, desalination, hydrogen production, mining, remote communities and data centers, making the competitive structure substantially broader than conventional gigawatt-scale nuclear generation.

Market Evolution and Growth Drivers

The modern SMR industry evolved through 3 broad stages: reactor concept development during the 2000s and 2010s, regulatory design assessment during the late 2010s and early 2020s, and physical deployment beginning to accelerate during 2025–2026. NuScale received U.S. approval for its 6-module, 462 MWe US460 configuration in May 2025. Canada authorized construction of the first Darlington BWRX-300 in 2025, followed by the official nuclear construction start in April 2026. Kairos Power began nuclear construction of its Hermes 1 demonstration reactor in 2025 and broke ground on the 50 MWe Hermes 2 project in April 2026. These milestones are important because the industry's central proposition—repeatable modules rather than one-off megaprojects—can only be validated after multiple units progress through licensing, manufacturing, construction and operation.

Adoption is being driven by electricity-demand growth, coal-plant replacement, industrial decarbonization, energy security and demand for round-the-clock generation. India has established a nuclear objective of 100 GWe by 2047 and plans at least 5 indigenous SMRs by 2033, while the United Kingdom formally contracted with Rolls-Royce SMR in April 2026 for its first program. Advanced designs are simultaneously changing technical requirements: X-energy's Xe-100 produces approximately 80 MWe and 200 MWth, allowing electricity and industrial heat production, while Kairos Power is demonstrating fluoride-salt cooling and TRISO fuel. Manufacturing is another driver because Rolls-Royce's plant concept is designed around roughly 1,500 transportable modules, illustrating how nuclear developers are attempting to move construction activity from field sites into controlled factory environments.

2. Top 5 Latest Trends in the Small Modular Reactor Industry

1. First-of-a-kind SMRs moving from licensing into nuclear construction

2. Factory fabrication and standardized modular assembly

3. Advanced fuels and high-temperature reactor technologies

4. SMRs targeting data centers and industrial process heat

5. Fleet procurement replacing single-reactor development strategies

Trend 1: First-of-a-Kind SMRs Moving from Licensing into Nuclear Construction

The most important trend among the Top Companies in the Small Modular Reactor Industry is the transition from paper designs to regulated construction sites. Darlington SMR Unit 1 officially entered nuclear construction on April 22, 2026 with 300 MWe of planned capacity, establishing Canada's BWRX-300 program as one of the industry's most advanced Western deployments. China has been constructing the ACP100 at Changjiang since July 2021; the reactor remains listed at 100 MWe net and 125 MWe gross. Kairos Power's Hermes program has also moved into physical construction in Tennessee, with Hermes 2 planned to provide up to 50 MWe to the Tennessee Valley Authority grid. These projects will generate evidence on construction sequencing, workforce requirements, quality assurance, modular delivery and commissioning that computer models cannot provide.

Trend 2: Factory Fabrication and Standardized Modular Assembly

Factory manufacturing is central to the SMR proposition because conventional nuclear projects typically perform a large share of complex assembly at the final plant location. Rolls-Royce SMR has designed its 470 MWe plant around roughly 1,500 transportable modules intended for factory fabrication and site assembly. Kairos Power has already used a modular manufacturing strategy during development, with its ETU 2 engineering test program incorporating more than 30 modules and components. Standardization can allow identical reactor, mechanical, electrical and structural packages to be reproduced for later units rather than redesigned for each project. The commercial importance will become measurable only after multiple reactors are built, but the manufacturing model is already influencing supplier qualification, welding automation, digital quality records, transport planning and site construction schedules across the SMR industry.

Trend 3: Advanced Fuels and High-Temperature Reactor Technologies

SMR competition is expanding beyond conventional light-water reactors into high-temperature and advanced-coolant systems. X-energy's Xe-100 is a 200 MWth high-temperature gas-cooled reactor capable of producing approximately 80 MWe and uses TRISO fuel in graphite pebbles. In 2026, X-energy's TRISO-X operation received a U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Part 70 license supporting commercial fuel fabrication. Kairos Power is developing a fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature reactor using TRISO fuel and molten fluoride salt as the primary coolant, with Hermes 2 planned at up to 50 MWe. These technologies can reach higher process temperatures than conventional light-water reactors, creating potential applications in chemicals, refining and other heat-intensive industries. Their commercial success will depend on fuel production, materials qualification, component durability and regulator experience with non-light-water safety systems.

Trend 4: SMRs Targeting Data Centers and Industrial Process Heat

SMR developers increasingly see industrial facilities and data centers as potential anchor customers instead of relying only on traditional utility procurement. X-energy's proposed Long Mott project at Dow's Seadrift site consists of 4 Xe-100 modules totaling 320 MWe and 800 MWth, with the reactors designed to support electricity and industrial steam requirements. Kairos Power and Google have established a development pathway covering up to 500 MW of advanced nuclear capacity, while X-energy and Amazon have discussed a deployment objective exceeding 5 GW by 2039. Terrestrial Energy announced a 2026 collaboration involving multiple 390 MW IMSR plants and potential data-center applications. These figures represent development agreements and objectives rather than commissioned capacity, but they demonstrate how continuous power demand from AI computing and industrial facilities is reshaping SMR project selection.

Trend 5: Fleet Procurement Replacing Single-Reactor Development Strategies

SMR commercialization increasingly depends on repeating the same design across multiple units. Ontario Power Generation's Darlington program is structured around 4 BWRX-300 reactors, providing approximately 1.2 GW if the full planned fleet is completed. Sweden selected Rolls-Royce SMR technology in June 2026 for a proposed 3-reactor development at the Värö Peninsula, while Czech cooperation announced in July 2026 contemplates additional deployment of up to 3 GW. X-energy commonly configures the Xe-100 as a 4-unit, 320 MWe plant, and NuScale's US460 design combines 6 modules of 77 MWe each. Fleet strategies matter because factory utilization, component procurement, regulatory learning and workforce productivity can improve only when identical designs are repeated. The resulting competition is therefore shifting from securing one demonstration project toward establishing multi-site pipelines.

3. Top 10 Companies in the Small Modular Reactor Industry

The following companies are not presented as a strict ranking. They are selected based on reactor technology, licensing progress, manufacturing capability, operating experience, construction activity, international deployment plans and overall relevance to the Small Modular Reactor industry.

1. GE Vernova Hitachi Nuclear Energy

Company Overview: GE Vernova Hitachi Nuclear Energy combines decades of boiling-water-reactor engineering with one of the most advanced Western SMR deployment programs. Headquarters: Wilmington, North Carolina, United States. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: Its BWRX-300 is a 300 MWe water-cooled, natural-circulation reactor that draws on established boiling-water-reactor technology while reducing plant complexity. Major Products and Services: The principal SMR product is the BWRX-300, supported by reactor engineering, licensing, fuel and lifecycle services. Canada's first Darlington unit formally entered nuclear construction in April 2026, and the broader OPG plan includes 4 units. Winter 2026 construction reporting showed the Unit 1 reactor-building shaft 87% excavated and turbine-building piling 78% complete, providing measurable progress beyond licensing announcements.

2. NuScale Power Corporation

Company Overview: NuScale Power was founded in 2007 and has focused on integral pressurized-water SMRs using multiple independently operating modules. Headquarters: Corvallis, Oregon, United States. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: Its current U.S. configuration uses 77 MWe reactor modules with passive safety characteristics and factory-oriented construction. Major Products and Services: The US460 standard plant combines 6 modules to provide 462 MWe. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued Standard Design Approval for this configuration on May 29, 2025, giving future applicants an approved design basis to reference. NuScale's earlier UAMPS Carbon Free Power Project was terminated in 2023, so current commercialization depends on new customer projects rather than that former deployment. Regulatory engagement continued in 2026 through pre-application work concerning future combined-license applications referencing the US460 design.

3. Rolls-Royce SMR Limited

Company Overview: Rolls-Royce SMR was established in 2021 and is headquartered in Manchester, United Kingdom. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: The company's standardized pressurized-water design produces 470 MWe with approximately 1,358 MWth of thermal output and is designed for a 60-year operating life. The 470 MWe rating exceeds the IAEA's up-to-300-MWe working definition of an SMR, but the technology is formally classified and procured as an SMR within the United Kingdom's national program. Major Products and Services: Its plant concept uses roughly 1,500 transportable modules and emphasizes repeatable factory manufacturing. Great British Energy–Nuclear signed the technology-design contract in April 2026, while Sweden selected the design for a proposed 3-reactor project in June 2026.

4. Westinghouse Electric Company

Company Overview: The current Westinghouse Electric Company organization was formed in 1999 from a nuclear engineering lineage extending through decades of pressurized-water-reactor operation. Headquarters: Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania, United States. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: Westinghouse is adapting licensed AP1000 technology into the AP300 SMR, allowing the smaller reactor to use operating experience, passive safety principles and an existing nuclear supply chain. Major Products and Services: The AP300 is designed at approximately 300 MWe and 900 MWth and supports grid electricity as well as potential district heating, desalination and hydrogen applications. The design entered the United Kingdom's Generic Design Assessment process in 2024, and Westinghouse expanded Canadian engineering collaboration in January 2026 to support possible AP300 and AP1000 deployment in Ontario.

5. Holtec International

Company Overview: Holtec International was established in 1986 and has developed operations across 18 countries on 5 continents. Headquarters: Jupiter, Florida, United States, while its SMR engineering and manufacturing activities include the Krishna P. Singh Technology Campus in Camden, New Jersey. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: Holtec's SMR-300 is an approximately 300 MWe pressurized-water design developed around passive safety and compact nuclear-island architecture. Major Products and Services: Holtec is advancing a planned 2-unit SMR-300 project at the Palisades site in Michigan, creating a potential 600 MWe deployment adjacent to existing nuclear infrastructure. In March 2026, project planning advanced into preparatory site-construction activities for the proposed Pioneer 1 and Pioneer 2 units, while the company continued design, licensing and manufacturing work through its SMR subsidiary.

6. X-energy Reactor Company

Company Overview: X-energy was founded in 2009 and is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland, United States, with facilities and offices in locations including Maryland, Tennessee, Texas, Canada and the United Kingdom. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: Its Xe-100 is a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor using TRISO-X fuel and helium cooling. Major Products and Services: One Xe-100 produces approximately 80 MWe and 200 MWth, while a standard 4-reactor configuration provides 320 MWe. Dow's proposed Long Mott project in Texas would deploy 4 units totaling 800 MWth and 320 MWe for electricity and industrial steam. The NRC was actively reviewing the construction-permit application during 2026, and X-energy also secured a Part 70 fuel-fabrication license for commercial TRISO-X manufacturing, connecting reactor development directly with its fuel supply chain.

7. Kairos Power

Company Overview: Kairos Power was founded in 2016 and is headquartered in Alameda, California, with manufacturing operations in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and a reactor-development campus in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: Its fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature reactor combines TRISO fuel with molten fluoride salt, creating a non-light-water design intended to operate at elevated temperatures. Major Products and Services: The Hermes 1 demonstration reactor entered nuclear construction in 2025, while Hermes 2 broke ground in April 2026 and is designed to deliver up to 50 MWe to the TVA grid. Kairos has also accumulated more than 2,000 hours of pumped-salt experience through engineering test systems and is developing a commercial configuration in which 6 units could provide approximately 450 MWe.

8. China National Nuclear Corporation

Company Overview: China National Nuclear Corporation operates from Beijing, China, with a workforce reported at approximately 170,000 and activities spanning nuclear engineering, fuel, equipment, research and reactor operation. Headquarters: Beijing, China. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: CNNC developed the ACP100, also known as Linglong One, as an integral pressurized-water SMR for electricity, industrial steam, heating and desalination. Major Products and Services: The demonstration unit at Changjiang has 100 MWe net capacity, 125 MWe gross output and 385 MWt thermal capacity. Construction began on July 13, 2021, and the reactor remained formally listed as under construction in July 2026. The ACP100 became the first SMR design to complete an IAEA general reactor safety review in 2016, providing CNNC with a decade of design-review experience before first-of-a-kind deployment.

9. State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom

Company Overview: Rosatom is the Russian state nuclear corporation and operates from Moscow, Russia. Russia's nuclear fleet includes 42 operating reactors and the world's only operating floating nuclear power plant, giving Rosatom direct operational experience with small reactors in remote and maritime environments. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: Its SMR portfolio includes the KLT-40S reactors used aboard Akademik Lomonosov and the newer RITM-200 family derived from nuclear-icebreaker propulsion technology. Major Products and Services: Akademik Lomonosov has operated commercially since May 2020 with 2 reactor modules. Rosatom is adapting the approximately 55 MWe RITM-200N for land-based applications, including projects in Yakutia and Uzbekistan; by March 2026, preparatory concrete work was underway for the first Uzbek RITM-200N unit within a planned 2-SMR configuration.

10. Terrestrial Energy Inc.

Company Overview: Terrestrial Energy is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, with an additional Canadian office in Oakville, Ontario. Core Small Modular Reactor Expertise: The company is developing the Integral Molten Salt Reactor, a Generation IV design in which the primary reactor system and molten-salt technology are integrated to provide both electricity and high-temperature industrial energy. Major Products and Services: In June 2026, Terrestrial Energy secured approximately 77 acres at the Texas A&M–RELLIS campus for site characterization, R&D and advancement of a planned commercial IMSR plant. The NRC issued a Safety Evaluation Report in May 2026 approving the company's methodology for postulated initiating events, one of the licensing frameworks required for future plant operation. The company is targeting first commercial IMSR commissioning activities in the early 2030s.

4. Regional Outlook

North America

North America has become the most active Western SMR licensing and construction region in 2026. Canada's Darlington site is the clearest example: nuclear construction of the first 300 MWe BWRX-300 officially began on April 22, while Ontario Power Generation's broader plan covers 4 units totaling approximately 1.2 GW. Canada therefore has an opportunity to establish a repeatable supply chain for subsequent BWRX-300 deployments rather than treating Unit 1 as an isolated demonstration. In the United States, NuScale has a 462 MWe approved standard design, X-energy has a 4-unit construction-permit application under NRC review for Dow's Texas site, Kairos Power has reactors under construction in Tennessee and Holtec is preparing a 2-unit SMR-300 development at Palisades.

The regional customer base is also widening beyond electric utilities. X-energy's proposed Texas plant combines 320 MWe with 800 MWth for industrial use, while Kairos' Google-linked agreement contemplates up to 500 MW and other developers are targeting data centers, hydrogen and manufacturing facilities. Regulatory maturity provides another advantage because the NRC and Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission already license large commercial reactors and have developed SMR-specific review experience. Mexico provides a contrast: the country had 2 operating conventional reactors totaling about 1,552 MWe in 2026, but IAEA construction data did not identify an SMR physically under construction there. The principal North American challenges are therefore not basic nuclear familiarity but proving serial construction performance, expanding qualified component manufacturing and developing enough skilled nuclear workers for simultaneous multi-site deployment.

Europe

Europe's SMR market is shifting from technology competitions toward country-level fleet decisions. The United Kingdom selected Rolls-Royce SMR as preferred technology in June 2025 and signed the formal technology-design contract on April 13, 2026. The UK program is planning first reactors for the mid-to-late 2030s, and Wylfa in North Wales has been selected as the first project location. Sweden advanced another major pathway in June 2026 by selecting Rolls-Royce technology for a proposed 3-SMR project at Värö. Czech cooperation announced the following month outlined the possibility of up to 3 GW of additional SMR capacity. These programs illustrate how European procurement is moving toward repeatable fleets that can share licensing, engineering and manufacturing rather than individual demonstration reactors.

Technology diversity remains broader than any 1 procurement program. Westinghouse's approximately 300 MWe AP300 entered the UK Generic Design Assessment process in 2024, while European companies and regulators continue evaluating light-water, lead-cooled, high-temperature and molten-salt concepts. Europe's established nuclear countries offer manufacturing and engineering capabilities, but regulatory requirements remain national even when designs are marketed across borders. This makes design standardization especially important: a reactor repeatedly modified for different national rules loses part of the manufacturing advantage associated with modular production. Europe also has extensive retiring coal infrastructure whose grid connections and industrial locations can be assessed for nuclear reuse. The key commercial test through the 2030s will be whether fleet procurement translates into repeatable construction rather than a series of customized national projects.

Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific combines operating advanced reactors, active SMR construction and large national nuclear-development targets. China's ACP100 at Changjiang is designed for 100 MWe net and 125 MWe gross and has been under construction since July 2021, while the country's HTR-PM high-temperature reactor entered grid operation earlier in the decade. China also possesses domestic reactor manufacturing, fuel-cycle and engineering infrastructure that can support repeat deployments without depending entirely on imported nuclear systems. CNNC has positioned ACP100 for electricity, heating, steam and desalination, allowing future variants to serve coastal industrial sites and regional grids. The importance of the Chinese project extends beyond its first unit because successful operation would provide a reference plant for an integral pressurized-water design developed primarily through the domestic Chinese nuclear supply chain.

India is establishing another major development pathway through the Nuclear Energy Mission, which targets 100 GWe of national nuclear capacity by 2047 and at least 5 indigenous SMRs by 2033. Current design work includes the 220 MWe Bharat Small Modular Reactor, a 55 MWe SMR and a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor concept of up to 5 MWth for specialized applications. Tarapur has been approved as a location for development of the BSMR-200 program, while India's broader installed nuclear fleet stood at about 8.78 GW when the 2026 program was described. South Korea also continued international SMR engagement by hosting an IAEA interregional workshop in April 2026. Across Asia-Pacific, opportunities are tied to rapidly expanding grids and industrial energy demand, while challenges include first-of-a-kind licensing, domestic fuel strategy and synchronizing reactor manufacturing with national transmission expansion.

Middle East & Africa

The Middle East is evaluating SMRs from a different starting point because the United Arab Emirates already operates 4 large nuclear reactors totaling about 5,348 MWe at Barakah. In 2025, Emirates Nuclear Energy Company and GE Vernova Hitachi signed an agreement to evaluate deployment opportunities involving the 300 MWe BWRX-300. Saudi Arabia has also examined SMRs within a longer-term nuclear-energy program; IAEA documentation has recorded interest in technologies including SMART-type reactors and high-temperature gas-cooled concepts within plans extending toward 2036. Jordan, which does not operate a commercial nuclear power reactor, hosted IAEA work in 2025 focused specifically on SMR bidding, contracting and feasibility. These activities show a regional spectrum extending from UAE operating experience to newcomer-country preparation.

Africa's commercial SMR deployment remains earlier-stage, but nuclear planning is becoming more structured. South Africa operated 2 reactors totaling about 1,854 MWe in July 2026 and therefore possesses the continent's deepest commercial nuclear operating workforce. Ghana has advanced nuclear-power planning and identified SMRs as one technology option, including discussion at an IAEA conference in March 2026. Kenya and other newcomer countries are also evaluating nuclear energy as long-term electricity demand expands. Smaller grids could theoretically benefit from reactors below 300 MWe because a single unit represents a smaller share of system capacity than a conventional gigawatt reactor. However, future adoption will require independent regulators, emergency-planning systems, fuel arrangements, long-term waste strategies and specialized workforces before technology selection alone can translate into construction.

5. Future Opportunities in the Small Modular Reactor Industry

One of the strongest future opportunities for the Top Companies in the Small Modular Reactor Industry is serial production rather than further proliferation of unrelated reactor concepts. More than 80 SMR designs are tracked internationally, but commercial economics will ultimately depend on how many identical units progress through factories and construction sites. Canada's planned 4-unit BWRX-300 fleet, NuScale's 6-module US460 configuration and X-energy's standard 4-unit Xe-100 plant illustrate different approaches to repeatability. Digital twins, automated welding, robotic inspection and configuration-controlled manufacturing can support this transition, although verified improvements must be demonstrated through operating fleets rather than assumed from conventional manufacturing industries. Companies capable of preserving the same design across multiple jurisdictions could gain the greatest benefit from standardized components and repeat regulatory reviews.

Industrial heat creates a second opportunity because electricity represents only 1 output pathway for advanced reactors. X-energy's 200 MWth Xe-100 and the proposed 4-reactor, 800 MWth Long Mott installation demonstrate how SMRs can support steam-intensive manufacturing. Terrestrial Energy is developing high-temperature IMSR technology for industrial energy, while CNNC's ACP100 has been designed for combinations of electricity, heating, steam and desalination. Future applications could include hydrogen production, chemical processing, district heating and mine operations where continuous thermal energy is valuable. The technical opportunity is strongest for designs capable of matching the temperature and pressure requirements of industrial customers without extensive intermediate conversion systems. Deployment will still depend on licensing boundaries, site safety, industrial integration and contracts that justify operation over several decades.

Data centers represent another measurable development pathway through the 2030s. Kairos Power's agreement with Google covers up to 500 MW, X-energy's collaboration with Amazon targets more than 5 GW by 2039, and Terrestrial Energy's 2026 data-center collaboration discusses multiple IMSR plants representing capacity measured in gigawatts. These are announced development objectives rather than guaranteed future installations, but they align with rising demand for continuous power from AI and high-performance computing. AI itself may also support reactor engineering through predictive maintenance, manufacturing inspection, anomaly detection and plant scheduling, while safety-critical reactor protection will remain subject to nuclear-grade validation and regulatory oversight. The companies that combine licensed reactor technology with fuel availability, manufacturing capacity and credible customer sites will be better positioned than developers relying solely on conceptual performance targets.

6. Conclusion

The Small Modular Reactor industry in 2026 has entered a more consequential stage because several technologies are now being tested through construction and licensing rather than design announcements alone. The IAEA tracks more than 80 SMR designs, Canada's first 300 MWe BWRX-300 officially entered nuclear construction in April 2026, China's 100 MWe net ACP100 remains under construction, and the United States has approved NuScale's 462 MWe US460 plant configuration. The 5 central trends—first-of-a-kind construction, factory modularization, advanced fuels, industrial and data-center demand, and multi-reactor fleet procurement—will determine whether SMRs achieve repeatable deployment. The transition from the first unit to the fifth or tenth identical reactor is likely to provide more commercially meaningful evidence than another generation of conceptual designs.

The Top Companies in the Small Modular Reactor Industry represent multiple technical paths. GE Vernova Hitachi, NuScale, Rolls-Royce SMR, Westinghouse and Holtec are developing water-cooled designs; X-energy and Kairos Power use advanced fuels and high-temperature systems; CNNC and Rosatom combine SMRs with established national nuclear supply chains; and Terrestrial Energy is advancing molten-salt technology. Regional development is equally distinct: North America now has active SMR construction and licensing, Europe is establishing fleet procurements, Asia-Pacific combines operating experience with national capacity targets, and Middle Eastern and African countries range from established nuclear operators to first-program planners. Future competitiveness will depend on licensing execution, fuel availability, factory quality, workforce development, industrial integration and the ability to reproduce the same reactor design safely across multiple sites.