Top Companies in Precision Medicine Transforming Healthcare

Introduction

Overview of the Global Precision Medicine Industry

The global precision medicine industry is transforming healthcare by replacing standardized treatment models with decisions based on each patient’s genetic profile, biomarkers, lifestyle, environment, and clinical history. Precision medicine is now applied across oncology, cardiology, neurology, rare diseases, immunology, and pharmacogenomics. Cancer remains its most established application, with 20 million new cancer cases and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths recorded globally in 2022. Mode precision medicine platforms can analyze millions of DNA fragments from 1 blood or tissue sample, helping clinicians identify actionable mutations, predict therapeutic response, and select treatments that match the molecular characteristics of an individual disease.

Market Evolution and Growth Drivers

The precision medicine industry has advanced significantly since the Human Genome Project began in 1990 and produced its initial draft sequence in 2000. That first draft required 15 months and an estimated expenditure of $300 million, whereas mode next-generation sequencing platforms can process multiple human genomes in 1 laboratory run. The industry is being driven by declining sequencing costs, expanding biobanks, artificial intelligence, companion diagnostics, targeted therapies, liquid biopsies, and electronic health records. Research programs now aim to combine genomic information with health data from 1 million or more participants, creating broader evidence for individualized prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.

Top 5 Latest Trends in the Precision Medicine

1. Rapid Expansion of Precision Oncology

Precision oncology remains the leading application of precision medicine because cancer is not 1 disease but a group of more than 100 diseases with distinct molecular characteristics. Tumors that originate in the same organ may contain different mutations, gene-expression patte s, protein markers, and resistance mechanisms. Molecular profiling can identify alterations involving genes such as EGFR, ALK, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, HER2, KRAS, NTRK, and ROS1. These biomarkers help determine whether a patient may benefit from targeted therapies, immunotherapies, hormonal treatments, or specific clinical trials instead of receiving treatment based only on tumor location.

Companion diagnostics are becoming increasingly important within precision oncology because they identify patients who are most likely to respond to a particular treatment or experience significant adverse effects. In 2021 alone, regulators authorized 16 oncology-related in-vitro diagnostic devices, including 12 companion diagnostic approvals. Of these approvals, 8 addressed areas of unmet need, including cholangiocarcinoma and KRAS G12C-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Mode companion diagnostics use polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and next-generation sequencing to evaluate 1 gene, several genes, or hundreds of cancer-related genes simultaneously.

Precision oncology is also expanding from late-stage cancer management into early detection, recurrence monitoring, and treatment-resistance analysis. A patient’s tumor can evolve during 6 or 12 months of therapy, meaning that a mutation detected at diagnosis may no longer represent the dominant cancer population after treatment. Repeated molecular testing can identify new resistance mechanisms and support the selection of another targeted therapy. With global cancer cases projected to reach 35 million in 2050, precision oncology companies are developing scalable testing models that can be used across hospitals, specialist laboratories, and community oncology centers.

2. Growth of Liquid Biopsy Testing

Liquid biopsy is one of the fastest-developing precision medicine trends because it can analyze tumor-derived material from a blood sample rather than requiring an invasive surgical biopsy. These tests may detect circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, RNA fragments, proteins, or extracellular vesicles. A conventional tissue biopsy collects material from 1 tumor location at 1 point in time, whereas a liquid biopsy may capture molecular information released from multiple tumor sites. This capability is particularly valuable when a tumor is difficult to access, when tissue quantity is insufficient, or when repeated monitoring is clinically necessary.

Mode liquid biopsy panels can evaluate 50, 100, or several hundred cancer-associated genes through 1 blood draw. The resulting molecular profile may reveal actionable mutations, resistance alterations, microsatellite instability, blood-based tumor mutational burden, or gene amplifications. Liquid biopsy is already used in several advanced cancers, including lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Its clinical role is also expanding into minimal residual disease testing, which searches for small quantities of cancer-related DNA after surgery or treatment when conventional imaging may not detect a visible tumor.

The long-term opportunity for liquid biopsy extends to multi-cancer early detection, where 1 blood test could search for molecular signals associated with multiple tumor types. However, clinical validation must address sensitivity, specificity, false-positive findings, tumor-stage differences, and the ability to identify the tissue of origin. A test that detects 1 cancer signal among thousands of healthy samples must deliver reliable performance because unnecessary imaging and biopsies can create patient anxiety and clinical burden. Precision medicine companies are therefore combining genomics, methylation analysis, machine lea ing, and large patient datasets to strengthen liquid biopsy accuracy.

3. Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Multi-Omics Data

Artificial intelligence is becoming essential to precision medicine because a single patient may generate millions of genomic variants alongside clinical, imaging, pathology, laboratory, and wearable-device measurements. Manual interpretation of this volume is not practical for most healthcare teams. AI platforms can prioritize clinically relevant variants, identify disease-associated patte s, classify tumor images, predict drug response, and match patients with clinical trials. These systems may reduce interpretation time from several days to a few hours when integrated with validated laboratory and clinical workflows.

Multi-omics analysis extends precision medicine beyond DNA by combining genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, and microbiomics. Each layer provides a different view of biological activity. Genomics can identify inherited or acquired variants, while transcriptomics shows which genes are active at 1 particular time. Proteomics measures functional proteins, metabolomics assesses small molecules produced during cellular processes, and epigenomics evaluates modifications that influence gene activity without changing the DNA sequence.

Combining 4 or 5 biological datasets can produce a more complete patient profile than a single genomic test, but it also creates challenges involving data standardization, storage, privacy, interpretation, and clinical validation. AI can help connect these layers and identify relationships that may not be visible through traditional statistical methods. Researchers are also integrating electronic medical records with periodic molecular measurements to support proactive disease detection rather than waiting for symptoms to become severe. This shift could enable precision medicine to move from reactive treatment toward individualized prevention.

4. Pharmacogenomics and Medication Selection

Pharmacogenomics examines how genetic differences affect a person’s response to medications. Patients receiving the same dose of 1 medicine may experience different outcomes because genes influence drug absorption, metabolism, transport, receptor activity, and elimination. A pharmacogenomic test can identify variants associated with reduced effectiveness, increased toxicity, or the need for dosage adjustment. This approach is relevant across oncology, psychiatry, cardiology, pain management, infectious diseases, and transplantation.

Genes such as CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, DPYD, TPMT, NUDT15, SLCO1B1, and HLA-B can influence responses to widely used drugs. For example, patients with certain DPYD variants may face an increased risk of severe toxicity from fluoropyrimidine-based cancer therapy. Variants in CYP2C19 may affect the activation of particular antiplatelet medicines, while TPMT and NUDT15 variants can influence tolerance to thiopurine treatment. These relationships demonstrate why a standard dose developed for an average population may not be suitable for every patient.

The future model may involve preemptive pharmacogenomic testing, where a panel of multiple genes is analyzed before a patient requires medication. Results could remain in the electronic health record for 5, 10, or 20 years and generate an alert whenever a relevant medicine is prescribed. This model differs from testing 1 gene after an adverse event has already occurred. Wider implementation will require clinician education, standardized interpretation, laboratory quality controls, evidence-based prescribing guidelines, and protection against inappropriate genetic-data use.

5. Development of Population-Scale Genomic Programs

Population-scale genomic programs are creating large datasets required to understand how genetic variation affects disease across different ethnic, geographic, and socioeconomic groups. Historically, genomic studies have overrepresented people of European ancestry, limiting the accuracy of risk predictions for billions of individuals from other populations. New precision medicine programs are therefore prioritizing diversity, longitudinal data collection, and community participation.

A major United States research initiative aims to collect health information from 1 million or more participants. By February 2025, its genomic dataset included whole-genome sequences from more than 414,000 participants after expanding by close to 70%. The dataset combines genomics with electronic health records, surveys, physical measurements, and other health information. This structure allows researchers to investigate relationships among genetic variants, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and disease outcomes across hundreds of conditions.

The United Kingdom’s 100,000 Genomes Project demonstrated how whole-genome sequencing could be introduced into a national health system for cancer and rare disease diagnosis. Other initiatives in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia are creating national biobanks involving 100,000, 500,000, or 1 million participants. These programs can improve rare variant discovery, ancestry-specific risk models, newbo screening, and therapeutic research. Their success depends on transparent consent, strong cybersecurity, representative recruitment, and clear rules gove ing how data can be accessed by researchers and commercial organizations.

Top 5 Companies in the Precision Medicine

1. Roche

Company Overview

Roche is a global healthcare company founded in 1896 with more than 125 years of experience across pharmaceuticals and diagnostics. The company occupies a prominent position in precision medicine because it develops targeted therapies together with the diagnostic technologies used to identify suitable patients. Its integrated model connects laboratory testing, tissue pathology, genomic profiling, clinical data, and drug development across oncology and other disease areas.

Headquarters

Roche is headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, and operates research, manufacturing, diagnostic, and commercial facilities in more than 100 countries. Its diagnostics activities include molecular testing, immunohistochemistry, digital pathology, sequencing-related solutions, and clinical decision support.

Core Precision Medicine Expertise

The company’s core precision medicine expertise includes companion diagnostics, oncology biomarkers, genomic profiling, digital pathology, circulating tumor DNA analysis, and targeted therapeutic development. Roche has supported biomarker-guided treatment strategies involving HER2, PD-L1, EGFR, ALK, BRAF, and other clinically relevant markers. Its capabilities cover 3 major stages of precision care: identifying a disease-driving alteration, matching the patient to a therapy, and monitoring response.

Major Products and Services

Major products and services include the cobas molecular-testing portfolio, VENTANA tissue-based diagnostic systems, NAVIFY clinical decision-support solutions, Foundation Medicine genomic profiling services, digital pathology platforms, and companion diagnostic assays. Several comprehensive genomic profiling tests evaluate hundreds of cancer-associated genes from tissue or blood samples, helping oncologists identify targeted therapies and relevant clinical trials.

2. Illumina

Company Overview

Illumina was founded in 1998 and has become a leading provider of next-generation sequencing systems used in research laboratories, clinical genomics, oncology, reproductive health, rare disease testing, and population genomics. Its technologies support the analysis of billions of DNA fragments within 1 sequencing run, making large-scale precision medicine programs operationally possible.

Headquarters

Illumina is headquartered in San Diego, Califo ia, United States, and supports customers across more than 140 countries. Its installed systems are used by academic centers, hospitals, gove ment laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology organizations, and specialized diagnostic laboratories.

Core Precision Medicine Expertise

Illumina specializes in sequencing-by-synthesis technology, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, cancer-panel testing, bioinformatics, and genomic data interpretation. Its precision medicine expertise also includes decentralized clinical sequencing and high-throughput population genomics. Different instrument models support laboratories processing fewer than 20 samples and facilities analyzing thousands of samples.

Major Products and Services

Major products and services include the NovaSeq X Series, NovaSeq 6000, NextSeq 1000 and 2000 systems, MiSeq platforms, TruSight oncology assays, whole-genome sequencing workflows, library-preparation kits, cloud-based informatics, and DRAGEN bioinformatics tools. The NovaSeq X Series can generate more than 16 terabases of sequencing data during 1 run, supporting high-volume cancer, rare disease, and population-genomics projects.

3. Thermo Fisher Scientific

Company Overview

Thermo Fisher Scientific was formed through a major corporate combination in 2006 and now provides laboratory instruments, diagnostic technologies, biopharmaceutical services, and life-science products across more than 150 countries. Within precision medicine, the company supports research, biomarker discovery, clinical testing, therapy development, and patient-selection workflows.

Headquarters

Thermo Fisher Scientific is headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts, United States. Its global network includes sequencing laboratories, instrument-manufacturing facilities, clinical research operations, biobanks, and pharmaceutical-development services.

Core Precision Medicine Expertise

The company’s precision medicine expertise includes next-generation sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, mass spectrometry, immunoassays, cell analysis, companion diagnostics, clinical trials, and biomarker development. Its Ion Torrent sequencing technology uses semiconductor detection, allowing laboratories to analyze targeted genetic panels with workflows designed for clinical tu around times.

Major Products and Services

Major offerings include Ion GeneStudio sequencing systems, Ion Torrent Genexus platforms, Oncomine oncology assays, Applied Biosystems real-time PCR instruments, TaqMan assays, mass-spectrometry platforms, clinical research services, and companion diagnostic development. The Genexus system integrates sequencing and analysis into a streamlined workflow that can produce results within 1 working day for selected applications.

4. QIAGEN

Company Overview

QIAGEN was established in 1984 and has developed expertise in sample preparation, molecular diagnostics, bioinformatics, and assay technologies. The company supports precision medicine by converting biological specimens into molecular information that can guide diagnosis and treatment. Its products are used in more than 60 countries across clinical laboratories, hospitals, research centers, and pharmaceutical-development programs.

Headquarters

QIAGEN has corporate headquarters in Venlo, Netherlands, with significant operational activities in Germany, the United States, and other global markets. The company maintains manufacturing, research, regulatory, and commercial capabilities across several continents.

Core Precision Medicine Expertise

QIAGEN specializes in companion diagnostics, polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing preparation, circulating nucleic-acid analysis, syndromic testing, and genomic interpretation. The company has participated in more than 30 companion diagnostic partnerships with pharmaceutical and biotechnology organizations. These collaborations support patient selection for targeted medicines across oncology and other therapeutic areas.

Major Products and Services

Major products include the QIAstat-Dx system, QIAsymphony automation platforms, QIAcuity digital PCR systems, therascreen companion diagnostic assays, QIAseq panels, sample-preparation kits, and QIAGEN Clinical Insights software. Its therascreen portfolio includes assays designed to detect clinically significant variants in genes such as KRAS, EGFR, and PIK3CA.

5. Guardant Health

Company Overview

Guardant Health was founded in 2012 with a primary focus on blood-based precision oncology. The company uses circulating tumor DNA and advanced bioinformatics to help physicians identify tumor alterations, guide treatment selection, monitor recurrence, and support cancer research. Its testing model provides an alte ative when a tissue sample is unavailable or an additional biopsy is clinically difficult.

Headquarters

Guardant Health is headquartered in Palo Alto, Califo ia, United States. Its laboratory and commercial operations support oncologists, healthcare systems, biopharmaceutical companies, and research organizations across multiple inte ational markets.

Core Precision Medicine Expertise

The company’s expertise centers on liquid biopsy, comprehensive genomic profiling, minimal residual disease detection, therapy-response monitoring, and early cancer detection. Its platforms analyze genetic signals present in blood, applying sequencing and machine-lea ing techniques to distinguish tumor-derived alterations from other biological variations.

Major Products and Services

Major products and services include Guardant360 CDx, Guardant360 TissueNext, Guardant Reveal, Guardant Infinity, and Shield. Guardant360 CDx evaluates multiple cancer-associated genes and has been used to support treatment decisions in advanced solid tumors. Guardant Reveal is designed for recurrence monitoring, while Shield uses a blood sample for colorectal cancer screening in eligible adults.

Regional Outlook

North America

North America leads precision medicine adoption through its established genomics infrastructure, large clinical research network, advanced cancer centers, and expanding use of targeted therapies. The United States records more than 2 million new cancer diagnoses during a typical year, creating substantial demand for tumor profiling, companion diagnostics, hereditary cancer testing, and liquid biopsy. The region also supports thousands of clinical trials that use genomic or protein biomarkers to select participants, monitor therapeutic response, or classify disease subtypes.

The United States precision medicine ecosystem includes federal research institutes, 50 state healthcare systems, academic medical centers, diagnostic laboratories, biotechnology clusters, and pharmaceutical companies. A national precision medicine research program seeks participation from 1 million or more people and had released whole-genome data from over 414,000 participants by February 2025. The program emphasizes groups historically underrepresented in biomedical research, improving the potential accuracy of disease-risk models across different populations.

Regulatory support also contributes to North American development. Regulators maintain an expanding list of cleared or approved companion diagnostic devices covering in-vitro tests and imaging tools. These diagnostics provide information considered essential for the safe and effective use of corresponding therapies. In 2025, United States regulators approved 46 novel medicines, several of which incorporated biomarker-defined indications or molecularly characterized patient populations.

Canada is developing genomic medicine through national and provincial programs focused on rare diseases, oncology, pharmacogenomics, and population health. However, North America continues to face 4 implementation challenges: inconsistent insurance coverage, unequal access to specialist testing, limited representation of some communities, and shortages of trained genetic counselors. Reducing the time between sample collection and clinical action will remain a priority for precision medicine companies serving the region.

Europe

Europe has established a strong precision medicine environment through national health systems, genomic research programs, centralized biobanks, and comprehensive data-protection frameworks. The region includes 27 European Union member states and several major non-EU markets with different reimbursement and diagnostic pathways. Cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and rare diseases remain major targets for precision medicine implementation.

The United Kingdom’s 100,000 Genomes Project sequenced whole genomes from patients affected by cancer and rare diseases, creating evidence for introducing genomics into routine healthcare. The program evolved into a national genomic medicine service that aims to sequence hundreds of thousands of additional genomes. Finland’s national biobank system, Iceland’s population genetics research, and Estonia’s genomic programs have also demonstrated how health records and genetic information can support population-level research.

The European Union’s 1+ Million Genomes initiative seeks to enable secure access to genomic and corresponding clinical data across national borders. Participating countries are developing shared standards for data quality, cybersecurity, consent, interoperability, and research access. Such cooperation is important because a rare genetic condition affecting 1 person in 100,000 may require cross-border datasets to identify a sufficient number of comparable cases.

Europe’s precision medicine industry must comply with strict rules covering medical devices, in-vitro diagnostics, artificial intelligence, and personal data. Clinical laboratories operating across 2 or more countries may face different reimbursement requirements despite using the same test. The region also supports development of molecular tumor boards, which bring together oncologists, pathologists, geneticists, bioinformaticians, and pharmacists to review complex cases. Wider adoption will require standardized evidence requirements, shorter laboratory tu around times, and improved access outside major academic centers.

Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific represents a major precision medicine opportunity because it contains more than 4 billion people and extensive genetic diversity. China and India each have populations exceeding 1.4 billion, while Japan has one of the world’s oldest populations, with close to 30% of residents aged 65 years or older. These demographic conditions create demand for personalized approaches to cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological disorders, and rare diseases.

China has invested in sequencing capacity, national biobanks, cancer genomics, and pharmaceutical research. Its large patient population allows researchers to study genetic variants that may occur infrequently in smaller datasets. Japan has incorporated genomic testing into designated cancer centers and operates national programs connecting molecular testing with targeted treatment. South Korea has developed advanced hospital information systems and large-scale biomedical research programs, while Australia maintains population genomics and rare disease initiatives.

India presents a distinctive precision medicine landscape because its population contains thousands of communities with diverse ancestry patte s. Genetic findings developed from European populations may therefore have limited predictive accuracy for some Indian groups. National genome initiatives involving thousands of samples are helping researchers map regional variation and investigate inherited disease risks. India also has a growing network of molecular diagnostic laboratories offering hereditary cancer panels, noninvasive prenatal testing, tumor sequencing, and pharmacogenomic services.

Asia-Pacific implementation varies significantly across more than 40 markets. High sequencing costs, limited reimbursement, shortages of medical geneticists, and inconsistent laboratory standards remain barriers in several countries. Precision medicine companies that provide affordable targeted panels, local reference databases, multilingual reports, and automated interpretation tools are positioned to address these gaps. Regional success will depend on including Asian populations in discovery research rather than applying models developed from 1 ancestry group.

Middle East & Africa

The Middle East and Africa precision medicine sector is developing through national genome projects, cancer genomics programs, newbo screening, and infectious disease research. The combined region includes more than 70 countries and substantial genetic diversity, but many populations remain underrepresented in inte ational genomic databases. This underrepresentation can limit variant interpretation and create uncertainty when classifying inherited mutations.

Several Gulf countries have launched national genomics initiatives involving 100,000 or more participants. The United Arab Emirates has developed a genome program intended to collect genetic information from citizens and support preventive healthcare. Qatar has established a biobank and genome initiative linking biological samples with health information, while Saudi Arabia has developed research programs focused on inherited disorders, rare diseases, and population-specific genetic variation.

These initiatives are particularly relevant because consanguineous marriage rates can exceed 40% in some Middle Easte communities, increasing the clinical importance of carrier screening and recessive disease diagnosis. Whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing can shorten the diagnostic jou ey for families who might otherwise undergo 5, 10, or more separate tests. Precision medicine also supports oncology by identifying targetable mutations and hereditary cancer risks.

Africa contains more genetic diversity than any other continent, yet individuals of African ancestry remain significantly underrepresented in genomic research. The continent’s population exceeds 1.4 billion across 54 countries, creating both a major scientific opportunity and an urgent equity challenge. Precision medicine research can improve understanding of cancer, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, malaria, pharmacogenomic variation, and inherited disorders. In September 2025, Namibia hosted a 3-day inte ational cancer genomics conference focused on functional genomics, diagnosis, and treatment.

Regional progress will depend on laboratory infrastructure, reliable electricity, secure data storage, skilled bioinformaticians, and ethical gove ance. Building African and Middle Easte reference genomes could improve diagnosis for millions of people whose variants are currently classified using incomplete databases.

Future Opportunities in the Precision Medicine

Future opportunities in precision medicine will extend beyond cancer treatment into prevention, early diagnosis, drug development, transplantation, reproductive health, neurology, cardiology, and infectious diseases. One major opportunity involves combining genomic risk with lifestyle and environmental information. A polygenic risk score can evaluate hundreds or millions of variants associated with a disease, but its clinical usefulness improves when it is combined with age, family history, laboratory findings, medication use, and behavioral factors.

Rare disease diagnosis represents another high-value opportunity. More than 7,000 rare diseases have been identified, and a genetic cause is believed to contribute to a large share of them. Patients may spend 5 or more years moving between specialists before receiving a diagnosis. Whole-genome sequencing can evaluate coding regions, structural variants, mitochondrial DNA, and selected noncoding regions in 1 test, potentially reducing the number of sequential investigations.

Precision prevention could also transform screening programs. Instead of offering the same screening schedule to every adult above 1 age threshold, healthcare systems could adjust timing and frequency according to inherited risk, previous findings, environmental exposure, and family history. A person with elevated genetic risk may begin screening 5 or 10 years earlier, while someone with lower risk may avoid unnecessary procedures.

AI-supported drug discovery will allow researchers to divide a broad disease into smaller molecular subgroups. A clinical trial enrolling 1,000 patients based only on symptoms may fail if only 100 participants carry the biological target affected by the drug. Biomarker-based enrollment can create smaller and more informative trials by identifying the patients most likely to respond. Regulatory authorities already recognize dozens of gene- and protein-based markers used in oncology trials and therapeutic labeling.

Global equity will become a defining opportunity and responsibility. In May 2026, the World Health Assembly endorsed a resolution addressing precision medicine while recognizing unequal access and the underrepresentation of low- and middle-income populations. Future precision medicine companies will need to design technologies that function outside elite research hospitals, support diverse ancestry groups, and protect personal data.

Conclusion

The precision medicine industry is shifting healthcare from standardized treatment toward data-driven decisions tailored to individual patients. During the 35 years since the Human Genome Project began in 1990, sequencing, molecular diagnostics, AI, liquid biopsy, and companion diagnostics have become practical clinical tools. Roche, Illumina, Thermo Fisher Scientific, QIAGEN, and Guardant Health are among the top companies in precision medicine because their technologies cover genomic sequencing, biomarker testing, clinical interpretation, targeted therapy selection, and disease monitoring.

The industry’s next 5 to 10 years will be shaped by precision oncology, pharmacogenomics, population genomics, multi-omics, AI-supported interpretation, and earlier disease detection. With global cancer incidence projected to reach 35 million cases in 2050, scalable molecular testing will be required across both advanced and developing healthcare systems.

Long-term success will depend on 4 essential principles: clinically validated evidence, diverse genomic datasets, secure patient information, and equitable access. A genetic test provides limited value unless its result leads to a clear and responsible clinical action. Precision medicine companies must therefore work with physicians, laboratories, regulators, patients, and research institutions to tu complex biological data into understandable treatment decisions. When supported by accurate diagnostics and ethical gove ance, precision medicine can improve diagnosis, reduce ineffective therapy, prevent severe adverse reactions, and provide better care for millions of patients worldwide.